![]() ![]() Within the cerebellum, vermal regions and anterior hemispheres ipsilateral to the movement became significantly activated. Activated regions include primary sensorimotor and cingulate areas, bilateral opercular premotor areas, bilateral SII, ventral prefrontal cortex, and, subcortically, anterior insula, putamen, and thalamus. Auditory rhythms rapidly entrain motor responses into stable steady synchronization states below and above conscious perception thresholds. Regarding entrainment, the study of rhythmicity provides insights into the understanding of temporal information processing in the human brain. They appear to be related to the brain's ability to locate the sources of sounds in three dimensions and to track moving sounds, which also involves inferior colliculus (IC) neurons. ![]() ![]() The sensation of binaural beats is believed to originate in the superior olivary nucleus, a part of the brain stem. Please remove this message once the section has been expanded. Please help improve this article by expanding this section. Specifically, women seemed to experience two separate peaks in their ability to perceive binaural beats that seemed to correlate with specific points in the menstrual cycle (one at the onset of menstruation, one around 15 days later), which led Oster to wonder if binaural beats could be used as a tool for measuring relative levels of estrogen. Oster also reported (in corroborating an earlier study) that there were gender differences in the perception of beats. In one case, Oster was able to follow one such subject through a week-long treatment of Parkinson's disease at the outset the patient couldn't perceive binaural beats, but by the end of the week of treatment, the patient could hear them again. For example, Oster found that a number of the subjects he worked with that were incapable of perceiving binaural beats suffered from Parkinson's disease. Oster also considered binaural beats to be a potentially useful medical diagnostic tool, not merely for finding and assessing auditory impairments, but also (because they involved different neurological pathways than ordinary auditory processing) for more general neurological conditions. In particular, Oster saw binaural beats as a powerful tool for cognitive and neurological research, addressing questions such as how animals locate sounds in their three-dimensional environment, and also the remarkable ability of animals to pick out and focus on specific sounds in a sea of noise (what is known as the "cocktail party effect"). Oster's paper was landmark not so much for its own new laboratory findings, but rather that in the way in which it identified and tied together the isolated islands of relevant research done since Dove, in a way that gave the subject fresh insight and relevance to scientific research. While research about them continued after that, the subject basically remained a scientific curiosity until 134 years later, with the publishing of Gerald Oster's article "Auditory Beats in the Brain" (Scientific American, 1973). Heinrich Wilhelm Dove discovered binaural beats in 1839.
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